Abstract
In this article, author Nur Ahmad provides meticulous transcriptions and translations of the inscriptions on three Aceh war flags in the ‘Christoffel Collection’. These flags are registered under the following inventory numbers: AE.1996.0012.0001, AE.1996.0012.0003 and AE.1922.0001.0824. What can these inscriptions tell us about the interplay between warfare, religious duty and piety in this context?
In 2018, after completing his university studies, Nur Ahmad joined his alma mater, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, as a lecturer. Since then, he has been teaching and conducting research on Qurʾānic exegesis, Islamic manuscripts, Islam in Java and Islamic mysticism. In 2026, after completing his PhD in Islamic Studies at Leiden University, he returned to Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, where he continues to teach and pursue his research.